There are two main types of
mill: the vertical
mill and the horizontal
mill. In the vertical
mill the spindle axis is vertically oriented. Milling cutters are held in the spindle and rotate on its axis. The spindle can generally be extended (or the table can be raised/lowered, giving the same effect), allowing plunge cuts and drilling. There are two subcategories of vertical
mills: the bed
mill and the turret
mill. Turret
mills, like the ubiquitous Bridgeport, are generally smaller than bed
mills, and are considered by some to be more versatile. In a turret
mill the spindle remains stationary during cutting operations and the table is moved both perpendicular to and parallel to the spindle axis to accomplish cutting. In the bed
mill, however, the table moves only perpendicular to the spindle's axis, while the spindle itself moves parallel to its own axis. Also of note is a lighter machine, called a
mill-drill. It is quite popular with hobbyists, due to its small size and lower price. These are frequently of lower quality than other types of machines, however.
A horizontal
mill has the same sort of x–y table, but the cutters are mounted on a horizontal arbor across the table. A majority of horizontal
mills also feature a +15/-15 degree rotary table that allows
milling at shallow angles. While end
mills and the other types of tools available to a vertical
mill may be used in a horizontal
mill, their real advantage lies in arbor-mounted cutters, called side and face
mills, which have a cross section rather like a circular saw, but are generally wider and smaller in diameter. Because the cutters have good support from the arbor, quite heavy cuts can be taken, enabling rapid material removal rates. These are used to
mill grooves and slots. Plain
mills are used to shape flat surfac